diff --git a/.github/workflows/autofix.yml b/.github/workflows/autofix.yml
index b75e6f030..0c3e3086d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/autofix.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/autofix.yml
@@ -15,32 +15,9 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - uses: install-pinned/pyupgrade@af7d65f31bddb01097a24da6c8fb694441f51cba
-      - name: Run pyupgrade
-        run: |
-          shopt -s globstar
-          export GLOBIGNORE='mitmproxy/contrib/**'
-          pyupgrade --exit-zero-even-if-changed --keep-runtime-typing --py310-plus **/*.py
-
-      - uses: install-pinned/reorder_python_imports@9766e7ba4f33497b107014571afe3b5f4c2d946b
-      - name: Run reorder-python-imports
-        run: |
-          shopt -s globstar
-          export GLOBIGNORE='mitmproxy/contrib/**'
-          reorder-python-imports --exit-zero-even-if-changed --py310-plus **/*.py
-
-      - uses: install-pinned/yesqa@e45b0928dd14d5c2a22695e32de8936530ba7a49
-      - name: Run yesqa
-        run: |
-           shopt -s globstar
-           export GLOBIGNORE='mitmproxy/contrib/**'
-           yesqa **/*.py || true
-
-      - uses: install-pinned/autoflake@46b4898323be58db319656fe2758f3fd5ddfee32
-      - run: autoflake --in-place --remove-all-unused-imports --exclude mitmproxy/contrib -r .
-
-      - uses: install-pinned/black@cd5d66326da7f8f47500e431cc8cb6d239eea3b5
-      - run: black .
+      - uses: install-pinned/ruff@f3fd6b89f77ff37a32e69cd2da72e0fc6e21f837
+      - run: ruff --fix-only .
+      - run: ruff format .
 
       - name: Run prettier
         run: |
diff --git a/.github/workflows/main.yml b/.github/workflows/main.yml
index 437e4465d..37bd4a531 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/main.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/main.yml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ jobs:
   lint:
     uses: mhils/workflows/.github/workflows/python-tox.yml@main
     with:
-      cmd: tox -e flake8
+      cmd: tox -e lint
 
   filename-matching:
     uses: mhils/workflows/.github/workflows/python-tox.yml@main
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 8541833f0..71258ab2c 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ Keeping to a consistent code style throughout the project makes it easier to con
 We enforce the following check for all PRs:
 
 ```shell
-tox -e flake8
+tox -e lint
 ```
 
 If a linting error is detected, the automated pull request checks will fail and block merging.
diff --git a/docs/build.py b/docs/build.py
index f393901e9..d8c3e944c 100755
--- a/docs/build.py
+++ b/docs/build.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import shutil
 import subprocess
 from pathlib import Path
 
-
 here = Path(__file__).parent
 
 for script in sorted((here / "scripts").glob("*.py")):
diff --git a/docs/scripts/clirecording/record.py b/docs/scripts/clirecording/record.py
index 6e91674e8..46f474822 100644
--- a/docs/scripts/clirecording/record.py
+++ b/docs/scripts/clirecording/record.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 import screenplays
 from clidirector import CliDirector
 
-
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     director = CliDirector()
     screenplays.record_user_interface(director)
diff --git a/docs/scripts/filters.py b/docs/scripts/filters.py
index c002a4ed2..a22859308 100755
--- a/docs/scripts/filters.py
+++ b/docs/scripts/filters.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 from mitmproxy import flowfilter
 
-
 print('<table class="table filtertable"><tbody>')
 for i in flowfilter.help:
     print("<tr><th>%s</th><td>%s</td></tr>" % i)
diff --git a/examples/addons/contentview-custom-grpc.py b/examples/addons/contentview-custom-grpc.py
index 37ba99dd7..74ffd14b4 100644
--- a/examples/addons/contentview-custom-grpc.py
+++ b/examples/addons/contentview-custom-grpc.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ protobuf messages based on a user defined rule set.
 
 """
 from mitmproxy import contentviews
+from mitmproxy.addonmanager import Loader
 from mitmproxy.contentviews.grpc import ProtoParser
 from mitmproxy.contentviews.grpc import ViewConfig
 from mitmproxy.contentviews.grpc import ViewGrpcProtobuf
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ class ViewGrpcWithRules(ViewGrpcProtobuf):
 view = ViewGrpcWithRules()
 
 
-def load(l):
+def load(loader: Loader):
     contentviews.add(view)
 
 
diff --git a/examples/addons/contentview.py b/examples/addons/contentview.py
index 6223e96e8..03d2a87a7 100644
--- a/examples/addons/contentview.py
+++ b/examples/addons/contentview.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ The content view API is explained in the mitmproxy.contentviews module.
 from mitmproxy import contentviews
 from mitmproxy import flow
 from mitmproxy import http
+from mitmproxy.addonmanager import Loader
 
 
 class ViewSwapCase(contentviews.View):
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ class ViewSwapCase(contentviews.View):
 view = ViewSwapCase()
 
 
-def load(l):
+def load(loader: Loader):
     contentviews.add(view)
 
 
diff --git a/examples/addons/filter-flows.py b/examples/addons/filter-flows.py
index fda546fde..fe499228f 100644
--- a/examples/addons/filter-flows.py
+++ b/examples/addons/filter-flows.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 
 from mitmproxy import flowfilter
 from mitmproxy import http
+from mitmproxy.addonmanager import Loader
 
 
 class Filter:
@@ -16,8 +17,8 @@ class Filter:
         if "flowfilter" in updated:
             self.filter = flowfilter.parse(".")
 
-    def load(self, l):
-        l.add_option("flowfilter", str, "", "Check that flow matches filter.")
+    def load(self, loader: Loader):
+        loader.add_option("flowfilter", str, "", "Check that flow matches filter.")
 
     def response(self, flow: http.HTTPFlow) -> None:
         if flowfilter.match(self.filter, flow):
diff --git a/examples/addons/log-events.py b/examples/addons/log-events.py
index 900be1b26..3ecfb8f98 100644
--- a/examples/addons/log-events.py
+++ b/examples/addons/log-events.py
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 """Post messages to mitmproxy's event log."""
 import logging
 
+from mitmproxy.addonmanager import Loader
 from mitmproxy.log import ALERT
 
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-def load(l):
-    logging.info("This is some informative text.")
-    logging.warning("This is a warning.")
-    logging.error("This is an error.")
-    logging.log(
+
+def load(loader: Loader):
+    logger.info("This is some informative text.")
+    logger.warning("This is a warning.")
+    logger.error("This is an error.")
+    logger.log(
         ALERT,
         "This is an alert. It has the same urgency as info, but will also pop up in the status bar.",
     )
diff --git a/examples/addons/websocket-inject-message.py b/examples/addons/websocket-inject-message.py
index 722cab691..715f66e4d 100644
--- a/examples/addons/websocket-inject-message.py
+++ b/examples/addons/websocket-inject-message.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import asyncio
 from mitmproxy import ctx
 from mitmproxy import http
 
-
 # Simple example: Inject a message as a response to an event
 
 
diff --git a/examples/contrib/change_upstream_proxy.py b/examples/contrib/change_upstream_proxy.py
index 4a824131c..0a0d54067 100644
--- a/examples/contrib/change_upstream_proxy.py
+++ b/examples/contrib/change_upstream_proxy.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from mitmproxy import http
 from mitmproxy.connection import Server
 from mitmproxy.net.server_spec import ServerSpec
 
-
 # This scripts demonstrates how mitmproxy can switch to a second/different upstream proxy
 # in upstream proxy mode.
 #
diff --git a/examples/contrib/check_ssl_pinning.py b/examples/contrib/check_ssl_pinning.py
index 87a96181f..b70a62e8f 100644
--- a/examples/contrib/check_ssl_pinning.py
+++ b/examples/contrib/check_ssl_pinning.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import mitmproxy
 from mitmproxy import ctx
 from mitmproxy.certs import Cert
 
-
 # Certificate for client connection is generated in dummy_cert() in certs.py. Monkeypatching
 # the function to generate test cases for SSL Pinning.
 
diff --git a/examples/contrib/domain_fronting.py b/examples/contrib/domain_fronting.py
index 7b65a02b0..b9a052d18 100644
--- a/examples/contrib/domain_fronting.py
+++ b/examples/contrib/domain_fronting.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from mitmproxy import ctx
 from mitmproxy.addonmanager import Loader
 from mitmproxy.http import HTTPFlow
 
-
 """
 This extension implements support for domain fronting.
 
diff --git a/examples/contrib/http_manipulate_cookies.py b/examples/contrib/http_manipulate_cookies.py
index 2f86ab534..184b0e816 100644
--- a/examples/contrib/http_manipulate_cookies.py
+++ b/examples/contrib/http_manipulate_cookies.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import json
 
 from mitmproxy import http
 
-
 PATH_TO_COOKIES = "./cookies.json"  # insert your path to the cookie file here
 FILTER_COOKIES = {
     "mycookie",
diff --git a/examples/contrib/ntlm_upstream_proxy.py b/examples/contrib/ntlm_upstream_proxy.py
index bca568fd4..f7de3b63c 100644
--- a/examples/contrib/ntlm_upstream_proxy.py
+++ b/examples/contrib/ntlm_upstream_proxy.py
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ class NTLMUpstreamAuth:
     def running(self):
         def extract_flow_from_context(context: Context) -> http.HTTPFlow:
             if context and context.layers:
-                for l in context.layers:
-                    if isinstance(l, HttpLayer):
-                        for _, stream in l.streams.items():
+                for x in context.layers:
+                    if isinstance(x, HttpLayer):
+                        for _, stream in x.streams.items():
                             return (
                                 stream.flow if isinstance(stream, HttpStream) else None
                             )
diff --git a/examples/contrib/remote-debug.py b/examples/contrib/remote-debug.py
index 323b88d1b..cd4187b01 100644
--- a/examples/contrib/remote-debug.py
+++ b/examples/contrib/remote-debug.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Usage:
 """
 
 
-def load(l):
+def load(_):
     import pydevd_pycharm
 
     pydevd_pycharm.settrace(
diff --git a/examples/contrib/tls_passthrough.py b/examples/contrib/tls_passthrough.py
index 54b705822..d0237d793 100644
--- a/examples/contrib/tls_passthrough.py
+++ b/examples/contrib/tls_passthrough.py
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ from enum import Enum
 from mitmproxy import connection
 from mitmproxy import ctx
 from mitmproxy import tls
+from mitmproxy.addonmanager import Loader
 from mitmproxy.utils import human
 
 
@@ -78,8 +79,8 @@ class ProbabilisticStrategy(TlsStrategy):
 class MaybeTls:
     strategy: TlsStrategy
 
-    def load(self, l):
-        l.add_option(
+    def load(self, loader: Loader):
+        loader.add_option(
             "tls_strategy",
             int,
             0,
diff --git a/mitmproxy/addonmanager.py b/mitmproxy/addonmanager.py
index d587b6bb3..5f918b75b 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/addonmanager.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/addonmanager.py
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ class AddonManager:
                 raise exceptions.AddonManagerError(
                     "An addon called '%s' already exists." % name
                 )
-        l = Loader(self.master)
-        self.invoke_addon_sync(addon, LoadHook(l))
+        loader = Loader(self.master)
+        self.invoke_addon_sync(addon, LoadHook(loader))
         for a in traverse([addon]):
             name = _get_name(a)
             self.lookup[name] = a
diff --git a/mitmproxy/addons/core.py b/mitmproxy/addons/core.py
index 4cb3dca69..5cd3f79ad 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/addons/core.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/addons/core.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from mitmproxy.log import ALERT
 from mitmproxy.net.http import status_codes
 from mitmproxy.utils import emoji
 
-
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 CONF_DIR = "~/.mitmproxy"
diff --git a/mitmproxy/addons/dumper.py b/mitmproxy/addons/dumper.py
index 28a538de5..b76c34832 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/addons/dumper.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/addons/dumper.py
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ from mitmproxy.websocket import WebSocketMessage
 
 
 def indent(n: int, text: str) -> str:
-    l = str(text).strip().splitlines()
+    lines = str(text).strip().splitlines()
     pad = " " * n
-    return "\n".join(pad + i for i in l)
+    return "\n".join(pad + i for i in lines)
 
 
 CONTENTVIEW_STYLES: dict[str, dict[str, str | bool]] = {
diff --git a/mitmproxy/addons/savehar.py b/mitmproxy/addons/savehar.py
index 09ff6ce97..dcc380c9d 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/addons/savehar.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/addons/savehar.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from mitmproxy import flowfilter
 from mitmproxy import http
 from mitmproxy import types
 from mitmproxy import version
+from mitmproxy.addonmanager import Loader
 from mitmproxy.connection import Server
 from mitmproxy.coretypes.multidict import _MultiDict
 from mitmproxy.log import ALERT
@@ -73,8 +74,8 @@ class SaveHar:
             }
         }
 
-    def load(self, l):
-        l.add_option(
+    def load(self, loader: Loader):
+        loader.add_option(
             "hardump",
             str,
             "",
diff --git a/mitmproxy/addons/tlsconfig.py b/mitmproxy/addons/tlsconfig.py
index 78a976217..e044d1d1c 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/addons/tlsconfig.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/addons/tlsconfig.py
@@ -314,7 +314,9 @@ class TlsConfig:
             except ValueError:
                 host_name = server.sni.encode("idna")
                 tls_start.ssl_conn.set_tlsext_host_name(host_name)
-                ok = SSL._lib.X509_VERIFY_PARAM_set1_host(param, host_name, len(host_name))  # type: ignore
+                ok = SSL._lib.X509_VERIFY_PARAM_set1_host(  # type: ignore
+                    param, host_name, len(host_name)
+                )  # type: ignore
                 SSL._openssl_assert(ok == 1)  # type: ignore
             else:
                 # RFC 6066: Literal IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are not permitted in "HostName",
diff --git a/mitmproxy/addons/view.py b/mitmproxy/addons/view.py
index fe55ee58f..6c0c286cd 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/addons/view.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/addons/view.py
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ from mitmproxy.log import ALERT
 from mitmproxy.utils import human
 from mitmproxy.utils import signals
 
-
 # The underlying sorted list implementation expects the sort key to be stable
 # for the lifetime of the object. However, if we sort by size, for instance,
 # the sort order changes as the flow progresses through its lifecycle. We
diff --git a/mitmproxy/certs.py b/mitmproxy/certs.py
index b533c54f4..d994fbb6b 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/certs.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/certs.py
@@ -360,7 +360,9 @@ class CertStore:
 
         # we could use cryptography for this, but it's unclear how to convert cryptography's object to pyOpenSSL's
         # expected format.
-        bio = OpenSSL.SSL._lib.BIO_new_file(str(path).encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding()), b"r")  # type: ignore
+        bio = OpenSSL.SSL._lib.BIO_new_file(  # type: ignore
+            str(path).encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding()), b"r"
+        )
         if bio != OpenSSL.SSL._ffi.NULL:  # type: ignore
             bio = OpenSSL.SSL._ffi.gc(bio, OpenSSL.SSL._lib.BIO_free)  # type: ignore
             dh = OpenSSL.SSL._lib.PEM_read_bio_DHparams(  # type: ignore
diff --git a/mitmproxy/contentviews/__init__.py b/mitmproxy/contentviews/__init__.py
index 3f25d14c6..ec2313751 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/contentviews/__init__.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/contentviews/__init__.py
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ metadata depend on the protocol in use. Known attributes can be found in
 """
 import traceback
 
+from ..tcp import TCPMessage
+from ..udp import UDPMessage
+from ..websocket import WebSocketMessage
 from . import auto
 from . import css
 from . import dns
@@ -32,9 +35,6 @@ from . import raw
 from . import urlencoded
 from . import wbxml
 from . import xml_html
-from ..tcp import TCPMessage
-from ..udp import UDPMessage
-from ..websocket import WebSocketMessage
 from .base import format_dict
 from .base import format_text
 from .base import KEY_MAX
diff --git a/mitmproxy/contentviews/graphql.py b/mitmproxy/contentviews/graphql.py
index 1dd41a676..5263b75f5 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/contentviews/graphql.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/contentviews/graphql.py
@@ -13,9 +13,7 @@ def format_graphql(data):
     return """{header}
 ---
 {query}
-""".format(
-        header=json.dumps(header_data, indent=2), query=query
-    )
+""".format(header=json.dumps(header_data, indent=2), query=query)
 
 
 def format_query_list(data: list[Any]):
diff --git a/mitmproxy/contentviews/http3.py b/mitmproxy/contentviews/http3.py
index e0b8827bd..d1c93915f 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/contentviews/http3.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/contentviews/http3.py
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ from aioquic.buffer import BufferReadError
 from aioquic.h3.connection import parse_settings
 from aioquic.h3.connection import Setting
 
-from . import base
 from ..proxy.layers.http import is_h3_alpn
+from . import base
 from .hex import ViewHexDump
 from mitmproxy import flow
 from mitmproxy import tcp
diff --git a/mitmproxy/contentviews/image/image_parser.py b/mitmproxy/contentviews/image/image_parser.py
index 709851fed..0bbee9f2f 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/contentviews/image/image_parser.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/contentviews/image/image_parser.py
@@ -105,9 +105,7 @@ def parse_ico(data: bytes) -> Metadata:
         parts.append(
             (
                 f"Image {i + 1}",
-                "Size: {} x {}\n"
-                "{: >18}Bits per pixel: {}\n"
-                "{: >18}PNG: {}".format(
+                "Size: {} x {}\n" "{: >18}Bits per pixel: {}\n" "{: >18}PNG: {}".format(
                     256 if not image.width else image.width,
                     256 if not image.height else image.height,
                     "",
diff --git a/mitmproxy/contentviews/msgpack.py b/mitmproxy/contentviews/msgpack.py
index 21527b23d..3b0212d51 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/contentviews/msgpack.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/contentviews/msgpack.py
@@ -22,26 +22,26 @@ def format_msgpack(
 
     indent = ("text", "    " * indent_count)
 
-    if type(data) is str:
+    if isinstance(data, str):
         token = [("Token_Literal_String", f'"{data}"')]
         output[-1] += token
 
         # Need to return if single value, but return is discarded in dict/list loop
         return output
 
-    elif type(data) is float or type(data) is int:
-        token = [("Token_Literal_Number", repr(data))]
-        output[-1] += token
-
-        return output
-
-    elif type(data) is bool:
+    elif isinstance(data, bool):
         token = [("Token_Keyword_Constant", repr(data))]
         output[-1] += token
 
         return output
 
-    elif type(data) is dict:
+    elif isinstance(data, float | int):
+        token = [("Token_Literal_Number", repr(data))]
+        output[-1] += token
+
+        return output
+
+    elif isinstance(data, dict):
         output[-1] += [("text", "{")]
         for key in data:
             output.append(
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def format_msgpack(
 
         return output
 
-    elif type(data) is list:
+    elif isinstance(data, list):
         output[-1] += [("text", "[")]
 
         for count, item in enumerate(data):
diff --git a/mitmproxy/contentviews/query.py b/mitmproxy/contentviews/query.py
index d816921e2..bcbb39cfd 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/contentviews/query.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/contentviews/query.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-from . import base
 from .. import http
+from . import base
 
 
 class ViewQuery(base.View):
diff --git a/mitmproxy/coretypes/serializable.py b/mitmproxy/coretypes/serializable.py
index fc185e352..ca1c31fa0 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/coretypes/serializable.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/coretypes/serializable.py
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ from functools import cache
 from typing import TypeVar
 
 try:
-    from types import UnionType, NoneType
+    from types import NoneType
+    from types import UnionType
 except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
 
     class UnionType:  # type: ignore
diff --git a/mitmproxy/http.py b/mitmproxy/http.py
index 170903248..986e6b898 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/http.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/http.py
@@ -1013,9 +1013,9 @@ class Request(Message):
             on generating the boundary.
             """
             boundary = "-" * 20 + binascii.hexlify(os.urandom(16)).decode()
-            self.headers[
-                "content-type"
-            ] = ct = f"multipart/form-data; boundary={boundary}"
+            self.headers["content-type"] = (
+                ct
+            ) = f"multipart/form-data; boundary={boundary}"
         self.content = multipart.encode_multipart(ct, value)
 
     @property
diff --git a/mitmproxy/io/__init__.py b/mitmproxy/io/__init__.py
index 541f743ab..bd95ab16f 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/io/__init__.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/io/__init__.py
@@ -3,5 +3,4 @@ from .io import FlowReader
 from .io import FlowWriter
 from .io import read_flows_from_paths
 
-
 __all__ = ["FlowWriter", "FlowReader", "FilteredFlowWriter", "read_flows_from_paths"]
diff --git a/mitmproxy/io/har.py b/mitmproxy/io/har.py
index aab40c669..cf2dc0ce3 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/io/har.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/io/har.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from mitmproxy import connection
 from mitmproxy import exceptions
 from mitmproxy import http
 
-
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
diff --git a/mitmproxy/io/tnetstring.py b/mitmproxy/io/tnetstring.py
index 73b7aeb37..db071eac8 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/io/tnetstring.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/io/tnetstring.py
@@ -210,11 +210,11 @@ def parse(data_type: int, data: bytes) -> TSerializable:
             raise ValueError(f"not a tnetstring: invalid null literal: {data!r}")
         return None
     if data_type == ord(b"]"):
-        l = []
+        lst = []
         while data:
             item, data = pop(data)
-            l.append(item)  # type: ignore
-        return l
+            lst.append(item)  # type: ignore
+        return lst
     if data_type == ord(b"}"):
         d = {}
         while data:
diff --git a/mitmproxy/net/dns/domain_names.py b/mitmproxy/net/dns/domain_names.py
index cbb666ece..d99f03c64 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/net/dns/domain_names.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/net/dns/domain_names.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import struct
 from typing import Optional
 
-
 _LABEL_SIZE = struct.Struct("!B")
 _POINTER_OFFSET = struct.Struct("!H")
 _POINTER_INDICATOR = 0b11000000
diff --git a/mitmproxy/net/http/http1/__init__.py b/mitmproxy/net/http/http1/__init__.py
index b9b6e071e..022e03fa2 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/net/http/http1/__init__.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/net/http/http1/__init__.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from .read import read_request_head
 from .read import read_response_head
 from .read import validate_headers
 
-
 __all__ = [
     "read_request_head",
     "read_response_head",
diff --git a/mitmproxy/net/http/url.py b/mitmproxy/net/http/url.py
index 4407f02ac..c44228ec1 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/net/http/url.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/net/http/url.py
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ def parse(url):
 
     # Size of Ascii character after encoding is 1 byte which is same as its size
     # But non-Ascii character's size after encoding will be more than its size
-    def ascii_check(l):
-        if len(l) == len(str(l).encode()):
+    def ascii_check(x):
+        if len(x) == len(str(x).encode()):
             return True
         return False
 
diff --git a/mitmproxy/optmanager.py b/mitmproxy/optmanager.py
index 2efd2ddf3..50503e4e0 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/optmanager.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/optmanager.py
@@ -415,9 +415,9 @@ class OptManager:
 
         o = self._options[optname]
 
-        def mkf(l, s):
-            l = l.replace("_", "-")
-            f = ["--%s" % l]
+        def mkf(x, s):
+            x = x.replace("_", "-")
+            f = ["--%s" % x]
             if s:
                 f.append("-" + s)
             return f
diff --git a/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/http/_http2.py b/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/http/_http2.py
index a41dbf72f..084385019 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/http/_http2.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/http/_http2.py
@@ -15,16 +15,6 @@ import h2.settings
 import h2.stream
 import h2.utilities
 
-from . import RequestData
-from . import RequestEndOfMessage
-from . import RequestHeaders
-from . import RequestProtocolError
-from . import RequestTrailers
-from . import ResponseData
-from . import ResponseEndOfMessage
-from . import ResponseHeaders
-from . import ResponseProtocolError
-from . import ResponseTrailers
 from ...commands import CloseConnection
 from ...commands import Log
 from ...commands import RequestWakeup
@@ -37,6 +27,16 @@ from ...events import Start
 from ...events import Wakeup
 from ...layer import CommandGenerator
 from ...utils import expect
+from . import RequestData
+from . import RequestEndOfMessage
+from . import RequestHeaders
+from . import RequestProtocolError
+from . import RequestTrailers
+from . import ResponseData
+from . import ResponseEndOfMessage
+from . import ResponseHeaders
+from . import ResponseProtocolError
+from . import ResponseTrailers
 from ._base import format_error
 from ._base import HttpConnection
 from ._base import HttpEvent
diff --git a/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/http/_http_h2.py b/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/http/_http_h2.py
index f5b08d64c..60a88f600 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/http/_http_h2.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/http/_http_h2.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import h2.exceptions
 import h2.settings
 import h2.stream
 
-
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
diff --git a/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/quic.py b/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/quic.py
index 60b8878b1..b3428fd2d 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/quic.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/quic.py
@@ -64,9 +64,7 @@ class QuicTlsSettings:
     """The certificate to use for the connection."""
     certificate_chain: list[x509.Certificate] = field(default_factory=list)
     """A list of additional certificates to send to the peer."""
-    certificate_private_key: dsa.DSAPrivateKey | ec.EllipticCurvePrivateKey | rsa.RSAPrivateKey | None = (
-        None
-    )
+    certificate_private_key: dsa.DSAPrivateKey | ec.EllipticCurvePrivateKey | rsa.RSAPrivateKey | None = None
     """The certificate's private key."""
     cipher_suites: list[CipherSuite] | None = None
     """An optional list of allowed/advertised cipher suites."""
diff --git a/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/tls.py b/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/tls.py
index 9ed944998..ab8ea154c 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/tls.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/tls.py
@@ -312,7 +312,9 @@ class TLSLayer(tunnel.TunnelLayer):
                 ("SSL routines", "", "certificate verify failed"),  # OpenSSL 3+
             ]:
                 verify_result = SSL._lib.SSL_get_verify_result(self.tls._ssl)  # type: ignore
-                error = SSL._ffi.string(SSL._lib.X509_verify_cert_error_string(verify_result)).decode()  # type: ignore
+                error = SSL._ffi.string(  # type: ignore
+                    SSL._lib.X509_verify_cert_error_string(verify_result)  # type: ignore
+                ).decode()
                 err = f"Certificate verify failed: {error}"
             elif last_err in [
                 ("SSL routines", "ssl3_read_bytes", "tlsv1 alert unknown ca"),
diff --git a/mitmproxy/proxy/server.py b/mitmproxy/proxy/server.py
index a502393e8..c99026192 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/proxy/server.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/proxy/server.py
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ from mitmproxy.utils import asyncio_utils
 from mitmproxy.utils import human
 from mitmproxy.utils.data import pkg_data
 
-
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
@@ -519,9 +518,9 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
         ]
 
         def next_layer(nl: layer.NextLayer):
-            l = layer_stack.pop(0)(nl.context)
-            l.debug = "  " * len(nl.context.layers)
-            nl.layer = l
+            layr = layer_stack.pop(0)(nl.context)
+            layr.debug = "  " * len(nl.context.layers)
+            nl.layer = layr
 
         def request(flow: http.HTTPFlow):
             if "cached" in flow.request.path:
diff --git a/mitmproxy/tools/console/__init__.py b/mitmproxy/tools/console/__init__.py
index 947258c92..a656793e5 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/tools/console/__init__.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/tools/console/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 from mitmproxy.tools.console import master
 
-
 __all__ = ["master"]
diff --git a/mitmproxy/tools/console/common.py b/mitmproxy/tools/console/common.py
index d58cded80..bd5b8f89f 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/tools/console/common.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/tools/console/common.py
@@ -31,15 +31,15 @@ def is_keypress(k):
         return True
 
 
-def highlight_key(str, key, textattr="text", keyattr="key"):
-    l = []
-    parts = str.split(key, 1)
+def highlight_key(text, key, textattr="text", keyattr="key"):
+    lst = []
+    parts = text.split(key, 1)
     if parts[0]:
-        l.append((textattr, parts[0]))
-    l.append((keyattr, key))
+        lst.append((textattr, parts[0]))
+    lst.append((keyattr, key))
     if parts[1]:
-        l.append((textattr, parts[1]))
-    return l
+        lst.append((textattr, parts[1]))
+    return lst
 
 
 KEY_MAX = 30
diff --git a/mitmproxy/tools/console/master.py b/mitmproxy/tools/console/master.py
index b4e85901c..ee303ff5d 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/tools/console/master.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/tools/console/master.py
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ from mitmproxy.tools.console import palettes
 from mitmproxy.tools.console import signals
 from mitmproxy.tools.console import window
 
-
 T = TypeVar("T", str, bytes)
 
 
diff --git a/mitmproxy/tools/console/palettes.py b/mitmproxy/tools/console/palettes.py
index 57266b11f..a6b5d2e73 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/tools/console/palettes.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/tools/console/palettes.py
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class Palette:
     low: Mapping[str, Sequence[str]]
 
     def palette(self, transparent: bool):
-        l: list[Sequence[str | None]] = []
+        lst: list[Sequence[str | None]] = []
         highback, lowback = None, None
         if not transparent:
             if self.high and self.high.get("background"):
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class Palette:
 
         for i in self._fields:
             if transparent and i == "background":
-                l.append(["background", "default", "default"])
+                lst.append(["background", "default", "default"])
             else:
                 v: list[str | None] = [i]
                 low = list(self.low[i])
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ class Palette:
                 elif highback and self.low[i][1] == "default":
                     high = [None, low[0], highback]
                     v.extend(high)
-                l.append(tuple(v))
-        return l
+                lst.append(tuple(v))
+        return lst
 
 
 def gen_gradient(palette, cols):
diff --git a/mitmproxy/utils/arg_check.py b/mitmproxy/utils/arg_check.py
index 1dab73caf..070202de2 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/utils/arg_check.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/utils/arg_check.py
@@ -139,8 +139,9 @@ def check():
             else:
                 new_options = [r]
             print(
-                "{} is deprecated.\n"
-                "Please use `{}` instead.".format(option, "` or `".join(new_options))
+                "{} is deprecated.\n" "Please use `{}` instead.".format(
+                    option, "` or `".join(new_options)
+                )
             )
 
     for option in DEPRECATED.splitlines():
diff --git a/mitmproxy/utils/emoji.py b/mitmproxy/utils/emoji.py
index 2a45eddc9..e80cb73bf 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/utils/emoji.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/utils/emoji.py
@@ -1852,11 +1852,13 @@ emoji = {
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
-    import requests
     import io
     import re
     import string
     from pathlib import Path
+
+    import requests
+
     from mitmproxy.tools.console.common import SYMBOL_MARK
 
     CHAR_MARKERS = list(string.ascii_letters) + list(string.digits)
diff --git a/mitmproxy/utils/signals.py b/mitmproxy/utils/signals.py
index 4bdc7282f..f11ee5672 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/utils/signals.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/utils/signals.py
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ from typing import Generic
 from typing import ParamSpec
 from typing import TypeVar
 
-
 P = ParamSpec("P")
 R = TypeVar("R")
 
diff --git a/mitmproxy/utils/strutils.py b/mitmproxy/utils/strutils.py
index d3bdc9852..9b58c2101 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/utils/strutils.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/utils/strutils.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import re
 from collections.abc import Iterable
 from typing import overload
 
-
 # https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/more_types.html#function-overloading
 
 
@@ -59,7 +58,8 @@ def always_str(str_or_bytes: None | str | bytes, *decode_args) -> None | str:
 # (http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2400.pdf), but that turned out to render badly
 # with monospace fonts. We are back to "." therefore.
 _control_char_trans = {
-    x: ord(".") for x in range(32)  # x + 0x2400 for unicode control group pictures
+    x: ord(".")
+    for x in range(32)  # x + 0x2400 for unicode control group pictures
 }
 _control_char_trans[127] = ord(".")  # 0x2421
 _control_char_trans_newline = _control_char_trans.copy()
diff --git a/mitmproxy/utils/vt_codes.py b/mitmproxy/utils/vt_codes.py
index 7e71d446c..8927a3318 100644
--- a/mitmproxy/utils/vt_codes.py
+++ b/mitmproxy/utils/vt_codes.py
@@ -6,8 +6,12 @@ import sys
 from typing import IO
 
 if os.name == "nt":
-    from ctypes import byref, windll  # type: ignore
-    from ctypes.wintypes import BOOL, DWORD, HANDLE, LPDWORD
+    from ctypes import byref  # type: ignore
+    from ctypes import windll  # type: ignore
+    from ctypes.wintypes import BOOL
+    from ctypes.wintypes import DWORD
+    from ctypes.wintypes import HANDLE
+    from ctypes.wintypes import LPDWORD
 
     ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING = 0x0004
     STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = -11
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index e1b73d5fa..dbee08818 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -157,13 +157,25 @@ ignore_errors = true
 module = "test.*"
 ignore_errors = true
 
-[tool.black]
-extend_exclude = "mitmproxy/contrib/"
+[tool.ruff]
+select = ["E", "F", "I"]
+extend-exclude = ["mitmproxy/contrib/"]
+ignore = ["F541", "E501"]
+
+
+[tool.ruff.isort]
+# these rules are a bit weird, but they mimic our existing reorder_python_imports style.
+# if we break compatibility here, consider removing all customization + enforce absolute imports.
+force-single-line = true
+order-by-type = false
+section-order = ["future", "standard-library", "third-party", "local-folder","first-party"]
+no-lines-before = ["first-party"]
+known-first-party = ["test", "mitmproxy"]
 
 [tool.tox]
 legacy_tox_ini = """
 [tox]
-envlist = py, flake8, mypy
+envlist = py, lint, mypy
 skipsdist = True
 toxworkdir={env:TOX_WORK_DIR:.tox}
 
@@ -179,12 +191,11 @@ commands =
     --full-cov=mitmproxy/ \
     {posargs}
 
-[testenv:flake8]
+[testenv:lint]
 deps =
-  flake8>=3.8.4,<6.1
-  flake8-tidy-imports>=4.2.0,<5
+  ruff>=0.1.3,<0.2
 commands =
-  flake8 --jobs 8 mitmproxy examples test release {posargs}
+  ruff .
 
 [testenv:filename_matching]
 deps =
diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg
index a482c0839..8cd2a7ab8 100644
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ b/setup.cfg
@@ -1,10 +1,3 @@
-[flake8]
-max-line-length = 140
-max-complexity = 25
-ignore = E203,E251,E252,C901,W292,W503,W504,W605,E741,E126,F541
-exclude = mitmproxy/contrib/*,test/mitmproxy/data/*,release/build/*
-addons = file,open,basestring,xrange,unicode,long,cmp
-
 [tool:full_coverage]
 exclude =
     mitmproxy/tools/
diff --git a/test/individual_coverage.py b/test/individual_coverage.py
index d6d3a40a5..72ba8e104 100755
--- a/test/individual_coverage.py
+++ b/test/individual_coverage.py
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ def run_tests(src, test, fail):
             e = 0
         else:
             cov = [
-                l
-                for l in stdout.getvalue().split("\n")
-                if (src in l) or ("was never imported" in l)
+                line
+                for line in stdout.getvalue().split("\n")
+                if (src in line) or ("was never imported" in line)
             ]
             if len(cov) == 1:
                 print("FAIL:", cov[0])
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/addons/test_proxyserver.py b/test/mitmproxy/addons/test_proxyserver.py
index 97a1412db..341bfbe09 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/addons/test_proxyserver.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/addons/test_proxyserver.py
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ from mitmproxy.test.tflow import tserver_conn
 from mitmproxy.test.tutils import tdnsreq
 from mitmproxy.utils import data
 
-
 tlsdata = data.Data(__name__)
 
 
@@ -100,7 +99,9 @@ async def test_start_stop(caplog_async):
             )
             assert repr(ps) == "Proxyserver(1 active conns)"
 
-            await ps.setup_servers()  # assert this can always be called without side effects
+            await (
+                ps.setup_servers()
+            )  # assert this can always be called without side effects
             tctx.configure(ps, server=False)
             await caplog_async.await_log("stopped")
             if ps.servers.is_updating:
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/addons/test_script.py b/test/mitmproxy/addons/test_script.py
index 29a582b7e..add0801fb 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/addons/test_script.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/addons/test_script.py
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ from mitmproxy.test import taddons
 from mitmproxy.test import tflow
 from mitmproxy.tools import main
 
-
 # We want this to be speedy for testing
 script.ReloadInterval = 0.1
 
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/addons/test_view.py b/test/mitmproxy/addons/test_view.py
index 199fc00c4..7e76a83ee 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/addons/test_view.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/addons/test_view.py
@@ -303,16 +303,16 @@ def test_resolve():
         v.set_filter(f)
         v[0].marked = True
 
-        def m(l):
-            return [i.request.method for i in l]
+        def methods(flows):
+            return [i.request.method for i in flows]
 
-        assert m(tctx.command(v.resolve, "~m get")) == ["GET", "GET"]
-        assert m(tctx.command(v.resolve, "~m put")) == ["PUT", "PUT"]
-        assert m(tctx.command(v.resolve, "@shown")) == ["GET", "GET"]
-        assert m(tctx.command(v.resolve, "@hidden")) == ["PUT", "PUT"]
-        assert m(tctx.command(v.resolve, "@marked")) == ["GET"]
-        assert m(tctx.command(v.resolve, "@unmarked")) == ["PUT", "GET", "PUT"]
-        assert m(tctx.command(v.resolve, "@all")) == ["GET", "PUT", "GET", "PUT"]
+        assert methods(tctx.command(v.resolve, "~m get")) == ["GET", "GET"]
+        assert methods(tctx.command(v.resolve, "~m put")) == ["PUT", "PUT"]
+        assert methods(tctx.command(v.resolve, "@shown")) == ["GET", "GET"]
+        assert methods(tctx.command(v.resolve, "@hidden")) == ["PUT", "PUT"]
+        assert methods(tctx.command(v.resolve, "@marked")) == ["GET"]
+        assert methods(tctx.command(v.resolve, "@unmarked")) == ["PUT", "GET", "PUT"]
+        assert methods(tctx.command(v.resolve, "@all")) == ["GET", "PUT", "GET", "PUT"]
 
         with pytest.raises(exceptions.CommandError, match="Invalid filter expression"):
             tctx.command(v.resolve, "~")
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/contentviews/image/test_image_parser.py b/test/mitmproxy/contentviews/image/test_image_parser.py
index cd97d5339..c4180b6f2 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/contentviews/image/test_image_parser.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/contentviews/image/test_image_parser.py
@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@ def test_parse_jpeg(filename, metadata, tdata):
         assert metadata == image_parser.parse_jpeg(f.read())
 
 
+# fmt: off
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "filename, metadata",
     {
@@ -219,3 +220,4 @@ def test_parse_jpeg(filename, metadata, tdata):
 def test_ico(filename, metadata, tdata):
     with open(tdata.path(filename), "rb") as f:
         assert metadata == image_parser.parse_ico(f.read())
+# fmt: on
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/coretypes/test_serializable.py b/test/mitmproxy/coretypes/test_serializable.py
index e46bb153e..e549c5b1f 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/coretypes/test_serializable.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/coretypes/test_serializable.py
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class TEnum(enum.Enum):
 
 @dataclass
 class TLiteral(SerializableDataclass):
-    l: Literal["foo", "bar"]
+    lit: Literal["foo", "bar"]
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class TestSerializableDataclass:
                 },
             ),
             (BuiltinChildren, {"a": None, "b": None, "c": None, "d": [], "e": None}),
-            (TLiteral, {"l": "foo"}),
+            (TLiteral, {"lit": "foo"}),
         ],
     )
     def test_roundtrip(self, cls, state):
@@ -182,9 +182,9 @@ class TestSerializableDataclass:
             Unsupported.from_state({"a": "foo"})
 
     def test_literal(self):
-        assert TLiteral.from_state({"l": "foo"}).get_state() == {"l": "foo"}
+        assert TLiteral.from_state({"lit": "foo"}).get_state() == {"lit": "foo"}
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            TLiteral.from_state({"l": "unknown"})
+            TLiteral.from_state({"lit": "unknown"})
 
     def test_peername(self):
         assert Addr.from_state({"peername": ("addr", 42)}).get_state() == {
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/data/addonscripts/addon.py b/test/mitmproxy/data/addonscripts/addon.py
index b09ef59ba..43debfe9b 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/data/addonscripts/addon.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/data/addonscripts/addon.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def configure(updated):
     event_log.append("scriptconfigure")
 
 
-def load(l):
+def load(loader):
     event_log.append("scriptload")
 
 
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/io/test_har.py b/test/mitmproxy/io/test_har.py
index 6ebc9310b..ffcc31c5a 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/io/test_har.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/io/test_har.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from mitmproxy.io.har import fix_headers
 from mitmproxy.io.har import request_to_flow
 from mitmproxy.tools.web.app import flow_to_json
 
-
 data_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "data"
 
 
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/io/test_tnetstring.py b/test/mitmproxy/io/test_tnetstring.py
index 6ae50bc82..a0207130c 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/io/test_tnetstring.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/io/test_tnetstring.py
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ def get_random_object(random=random, depth=0):
         what = random.randint(0, 1)
         if what == 0:
             n = random.randint(0, 10)
-            l = []
+            lst = []
             for _ in range(n):
-                l.append(get_random_object(random, depth + 1))
-            return l
+                lst.append(get_random_object(random, depth + 1))
+            return lst
         if what == 1:
             n = random.randint(0, 10)
             d = {}
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/net/dns/test_domain_names.py b/test/mitmproxy/net/dns/test_domain_names.py
index 5f1847b55..811d203df 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/net/dns/test_domain_names.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/net/dns/test_domain_names.py
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@ from mitmproxy.net.dns import domain_names
 def test_unpack_from_with_compression():
     assert domain_names.unpack_from_with_compression(
         b"\xFF\x03www\x07example\x03org\x00", 1, domain_names.cache()
-    ) == ("www.example.org", 17)
+    ) == (
+        "www.example.org",
+        17,
+    )
     with pytest.raises(
         struct.error, match=re.escape("unpack encountered domain name loop")
     ):
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/net/http/test_cookies.py b/test/mitmproxy/net/http/test_cookies.py
index 936a6f2c1..03c4a4046 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/net/http/test_cookies.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/net/http/test_cookies.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import pytest
 
 from mitmproxy.net.http import cookies
 
-
 cookie_pairs = [
     ["=uno", [["", "uno"]]],
     ["", []],
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/net/http/test_url.py b/test/mitmproxy/net/http/test_url.py
index ca6e332b8..c03fd3f50 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/net/http/test_url.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/net/http/test_url.py
@@ -52,9 +52,7 @@ def test_parse():
 
 
 def test_ascii_check():
-    test_url = (
-        "https://xyz.tax-edu.net?flag=selectCourse&lc_id=42825&lc_name=茅莽莽猫氓猫氓".encode()
-    )
+    test_url = "https://xyz.tax-edu.net?flag=selectCourse&lc_id=42825&lc_name=茅莽莽猫氓猫氓".encode()
     scheme, host, port, full_path = url.parse(test_url)
     assert scheme == b"https"
     assert host == b"xyz.tax-edu.net"
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/http/test_http3.py b/test/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/http/test_http3.py
index 34456455e..6e6eb8895 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/http/test_http3.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/http/test_http3.py
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ from mitmproxy.proxy.layers import quic
 from mitmproxy.proxy.layers.http._http3 import Http3Client
 from test.mitmproxy.proxy import tutils
 
-
 example_request_headers = [
     (b":method", b"GET"),
     (b":scheme", b"http"),
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/test_modes.py b/test/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/test_modes.py
index 0b5aa93eb..f99685c3f 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/test_modes.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/test_modes.py
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ def test_upstream_https(tctx):
         << SendData(tctx2.client, serverhello)
     )
     assert (
-        # forward serverhello to proxy1
         proxy1
+        # forward serverhello to proxy1
         >> DataReceived(upstream, serverhello())
         << SendData(upstream, request)
     )
@@ -277,8 +277,8 @@ def test_reverse_proxy_tcp_over_tls(
         )
         if connection_strategy == "lazy":
             (
-                # only now we open a connection
                 playbook
+                # only now we open a connection
                 << OpenConnection(tctx.server)
                 >> reply(None)
             )
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/test_quic.py b/test/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/test_quic.py
index 5b672a82a..2a66d5818 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/test_quic.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/proxy/layers/test_quic.py
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ from mitmproxy.udp import UDPMessage
 from mitmproxy.utils import data
 from test.mitmproxy.proxy import tutils
 
-
 tlsdata = data.Data(__name__)
 
 
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/test_addonmanager.py b/test/mitmproxy/test_addonmanager.py
index 4122f377c..c76187ffa 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/test_addonmanager.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/test_addonmanager.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from mitmproxy import exceptions
 from mitmproxy import hooks
 from mitmproxy import master
 from mitmproxy import options
+from mitmproxy.addonmanager import Loader
 from mitmproxy.proxy.layers.http import HttpRequestHook
 from mitmproxy.proxy.layers.http import HttpResponseHook
 from mitmproxy.test import taddons
@@ -54,8 +55,8 @@ class AsyncTHalt:
 
 
 class AOption:
-    def load(self, l):
-        l.add_option("custom_option", bool, False, "help")
+    def load(self, loader: Loader):
+        loader.add_option("custom_option", bool, False, "help")
 
 
 class AOldAPI:
@@ -155,22 +156,22 @@ async def test_mixed_async_sync(caplog):
 
 async def test_loader(caplog):
     with taddons.context() as tctx:
-        l = addonmanager.Loader(tctx.master)
-        l.add_option("custom_option", bool, False, "help")
-        assert "custom_option" in l.master.options
+        loader = addonmanager.Loader(tctx.master)
+        loader.add_option("custom_option", bool, False, "help")
+        assert "custom_option" in loader.master.options
 
         # calling this again with the same signature is a no-op.
-        l.add_option("custom_option", bool, False, "help")
+        loader.add_option("custom_option", bool, False, "help")
         assert not caplog.text
 
         # a different signature should emit a warning though.
-        l.add_option("custom_option", bool, True, "help")
+        loader.add_option("custom_option", bool, True, "help")
         assert "Over-riding existing option" in caplog.text
 
         def cmd(a: str) -> str:
             return "foo"
 
-        l.add_command("test.command", cmd)
+        loader.add_command("test.command", cmd)
 
 
 async def test_simple(caplog):
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/test_certs.py b/test/mitmproxy/test_certs.py
index e46245f1b..d3c33727c 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/test_certs.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/test_certs.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from cryptography.x509 import NameOID
 from ..conftest import skip_windows
 from mitmproxy import certs
 
-
 # class TestDNTree:
 #     def test_simple(self):
 #         d = certs.DNTree()
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/test_dns.py b/test/mitmproxy/test_dns.py
index cf9af2ac3..038f0ddb0 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/test_dns.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/test_dns.py
@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ class TestResourceRecord:
         assert (
             str(dns.ResourceRecord.PTR("test", "some.other.host")) == "some.other.host"
         )
-        assert str(dns.ResourceRecord.TXT("test", "unicode text 😀")) == "unicode text 😀"
+        assert (
+            str(dns.ResourceRecord.TXT("test", "unicode text 😀")) == "unicode text 😀"
+        )
         assert (
             str(
                 dns.ResourceRecord(
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/test_flow.py b/test/mitmproxy/test_flow.py
index 29f2eeb93..5aa171f3e 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/test_flow.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/test_flow.py
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ class TestSerialize:
 
         sio.seek(0)
         r = mitmproxy.io.FlowReader(sio)
-        l = list(r.stream())
-        assert len(l) == 1
+        lst = list(r.stream())
+        assert len(lst) == 1
 
-        f2 = l[0]
+        f2 = lst[0]
         assert f2.get_state() == f.get_state()
         assert f2.request.data == f.request.data
         assert f2.marked
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/test_tls.py b/test/mitmproxy/test_tls.py
index b04491b81..434f52b42 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/test_tls.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/test_tls.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from mitmproxy import tls
 
-
 CLIENT_HELLO_NO_EXTENSIONS = bytes.fromhex(
     "03015658a756ab2c2bff55f636814deac086b7ca56b65058c7893ffc6074f5245f70205658a75475103a152637"
     "78e1bb6d22e8bbd5b6b0a3a59760ad354e91ba20d353001a0035002f000a000500040009000300060008006000"
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/test_types.py b/test/mitmproxy/test_types.py
index 31a33b429..46ac8ec0a 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/test_types.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/test_types.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ from collections.abc import Sequence
 
 import pytest
 
+from . import test_command
 import mitmproxy.exceptions
 import mitmproxy.types
-from . import test_command
 from mitmproxy import command
 from mitmproxy import flow
 from mitmproxy.test import taddons
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/tools/console/test_keymap.py b/test/mitmproxy/tools/console/test_keymap.py
index 624412ab2..f2e3f2cf6 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/tools/console/test_keymap.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/tools/console/test_keymap.py
@@ -188,9 +188,8 @@ def test_parse():
                         cmd: cmd
                 """
             )
-        assert (
-            kmc.parse(
-                """
+        assert kmc.parse(
+            """
                 -   key: key1
                     ctx: [one, two]
                     help: one
@@ -198,13 +197,11 @@ def test_parse():
                         foo bar
                         foo bar
             """
-            )
-            == [
-                {
-                    "key": "key1",
-                    "ctx": ["one", "two"],
-                    "help": "one",
-                    "cmd": "foo bar foo bar\n",
-                }
-            ]
-        )
+        ) == [
+            {
+                "key": "key1",
+                "ctx": ["one", "two"],
+                "help": "one",
+                "cmd": "foo bar foo bar\n",
+            }
+        ]
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/tools/test_main.py b/test/mitmproxy/tools/test_main.py
index 41437d89b..d5a77db77 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/tools/test_main.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/tools/test_main.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import asyncio
 
 from mitmproxy.tools import main
 
-
 shutdown_script = "mitmproxy/data/addonscripts/shutdown.py"
 
 
diff --git a/test/mitmproxy/tools/web/test_app.py b/test/mitmproxy/tools/web/test_app.py
index 4331b09fc..616e4c8e7 100644
--- a/test/mitmproxy/tools/web/test_app.py
+++ b/test/mitmproxy/tools/web/test_app.py
@@ -487,8 +487,8 @@ class TestApp(tornado.testing.AsyncHTTPTestCase):
 
     def test_options(self):
         j = get_json(self.fetch("/options"))
-        assert type(j) == dict
-        assert type(j["anticache"]) == dict
+        assert isinstance(j, dict)
+        assert isinstance(j["anticache"], dict)
 
     def test_option_update(self):
         assert self.put_json("/options", {"anticache": True}).code == 200